lateral horn
Gracile fasciculus
fasciculi proprii
Relay (projection) cell (20 50 μm)
α motor neuron and γ motor neuron
(50 100 uM
Neural crest → posterior root ganglia
C3-5
phrenic nucleus (phrenic)
C1-C5
accessory nucleus
innervate SCM and trapezius
L2-S1
lumbosacral nucleus
unknown innervation
posterior gray columns
Substantia gelatinosa group
Nucleus proprius group
posterior gray columns (intermediate)
Nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s column): C8 L3
再來是各層細胞本體功能
Gray column 中最靠背側的區域
輸入痛覺(pain)、溫覺(temperature)、粗略的觸覺(light touch)
傳到 III, IV
本體感覺(proprioception), light touch
參與脊椎反射的 small interneurons
Lateral column(horn)(laminae VII)
T1-L2:細胞較小,含有節前交感神經纖維
S2-S4:含有節前副交感神經纖維
Nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s column)
本體覺、平衡覺、
Corticospinal tract
Rubrospinal fiber
Reticulospinal tract
Lateral Reticulospinal fiber (源自延腦reticular formation)
Fastigiospinal fiber (源自小腦fastigial nucleus)
Vestibulospinal tract
Medial reticulospinal
vestibulospinal tracts
lateral division of the posterior root → posterolateral tract(tract of Lissauer) →
laminae I to V → Ventral spinothalamic tract
medial division of the posterior root → posterior funiculus
接收muscle, tendon, joint 的stretch, pressure, vibration,由heavily myelinated
fiber 傳輸,傳遞快
medial division of the posterior root → posterior funiculus
區域
縮寫
分類
功能
Anterior
A
Relay
邊緣
Lateral
Dorsal tier
LD
Association
高階視覺
LP
Association
高階視覺
Pulvinar
Association
視覺功能、眼睛運動
Ventral tier
VA
Relay
基底核輸入
VL
Relay
基底核輸入
VPL
Relay
體感覺
VPM
Relay
顏面感覺
Intralaminar
CM
-
-
PF
-
-
Medial
DM
Association
高階視覺
MGB
Relay
聽覺
LGB
Relay
視覺
Thalamic
reticular
nucleus - 大腦皮質輸入
MTT
mammillothalamic tract
graph TB
m[Mammillary bodies]-->|MTT|A-->c[cingulate gyrus]
c-->p[Parahippocampus]-->h[Hippocampus]-->|Fornix|m
Dorsal tier
ventral tier
VA
globus pallidus, substantia nigra 輸入
VL
VPL
VPM
dorsomedial nucleus (DM)
parvicellular(cadually) part 副
magnocellular(rostrally)part
paralaminar part(和internal medullary lamina 相鄰)
pineal gland
連接到limbic system (邊緣系統,和情緒、記憶有關)
有stria medullaris thalami
subthalamic nucleus(丘腦底核)
一坨神經核
Striatum (紋狀核, 輸入層)
caudate nucleus(尾核)
putamen(殼核)
Globus palidus (GP,蒼白核)
專丟 GABA
pallidopallidal fibers 連接 External, Internal
External(有神經來回 SNc)
Internal
Ventral pallidum (substantia innominata)
Ventral striatum
nucleus accumbens
olfactory tubercle
substantia nigrapars compacta (SNc,黑質)
Subthalamic nucleus (STN)
Thalamus
動作協調控制、學習相關
executive functions
behavior and emotions.
Parkinson’s disease
Huntington’s disease
Inferior cerebellar peduncle(下小腦腳)
Middle cerebellar peduncle(中小腦腳)
Superior Cerebellar peduncle(上小腦腳)
Limbic System(邊緣系統)
p:Preoptic area (optic chiasma 與anterior commissure 之間的區域)
a:Anterior region (optic chiasma 以上、hypothalamic sulcus 以下的區域)
t:Tuberal region (tuber cinereum 以上、hypothalamic sulcus 以下的區域)
po:Posterior region (mammillary body 以上、hypothalamic sulcus 以下的區域)
藍線:hypothalamic sulcus
O:optic chiasma
M:Mammillary body
pe:Periventricular zone
m:Medial zone
l:Lateral zone
F:fornix(位在Medial zone跟
Lateral zone的交界):Limbic system
的神經纖維(黑色的),穿過下視丘,
到mammillary body
OT:optic tract
3:第三腦室
In:interthalamic adhesion/ massa
intermedia
分區
結構
功能
Lateral zone
lat. preoptic nucleus
sleep-promotion
lat. tuberal nuclei & tubero-mammillary nucleus
睡眠甦醒循環
lat. nucleus
feeding center
Sensor
fiber
適應
function
Nuclear bag
Aα(Ia)
SA
肌肉收縮速度
Nuclear chain
Aβ
肌肉長度
Golgi tedon organ
Aα(Ib)
肌腱張力
特化神經末稍
Aβ
SA,RA
deep touch, vibration
游離神經末梢
Aδ, C
-
light touch, 溫, 痛(傷害)
肌皮
C5, 6: 二頭
C7: 三頭
C7: 中指
T4: 奶頭
T10: 肚臍
L4,L5: toe
homonymous hemianopia (同側半盲)
下圖 3gg
Internuclear opthalamoplegia (INO;核間性眼肌癱瘓)
CN VI和CN III 連不起來
一眼向外另一眼不向內
Cavernous sinus & syndromes
CN Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ1 , Ⅴ2 , Ⅵ
Central/Peripheral Facial Nerve Palsy
CP (Cerebellopontine) angle tumors
Carpal tunnel syndrome
最常見 peripheral mononeuropathy
Median nerve
Radial nerve palsy
Diabetic polyneuropathy
多發性神經病變
Diabetic Amyotrophy(糖尿病肌萎縮)
orientation selectivity
度(神經會更興奮)
Magnocellular layer(Layer 1, Layer 2) → 4c → 4a,4b
Parvocellular layer(Layer3-6)→ 4c → 2,3
layer 1、4、6 傳遞對側眼睛傳來的訊息
layer 2、3、5 傳遞同側眼睛傳來的訊
(V1分六層)
striate cortex,
V1
edges and line
orientation selectivity
extrastriate cortex
V2處理Binocularity
size tuning
於binocular(用雙眼看)
結色彩與形體(color and form conjunction)
輪廓整合
V2神經參與pattern completion (腦補)
orientation selectivity
V3處理Depth
associated visual cortex
V4處理Color
Ventral Pathway 整合輸出
輸出到 Infratemporal sulcus (A, C, P)
V5處理Movement
高維訊息整合
orientation selectivity
Dorsal Pathway
graph TD
c[cochlear nerve]
nd[Dorsal cochlear nucleus]
nv[Ventral cochlear nucleus]
c-->nd & nv
nd & nv-->|Mid-pons|i[對側 inferior colliculus]
nv-->|Mid-pons,<br>lateral lemniscus|i[對側 inferior colliculus]
nv-->|Mid-pons,<br>lateral lemniscus|j[同側 inferior colliculus]
i & j --> mg[Med. geniculate nucleus] --> ac[Auditory cortex]
Secondary 包 primary
高頻 → cochlea base → primary 後面
綠色Posterior speech cortex(Wernicke’s area),說話
Primary 在 A1
superior temporal gyrus(STG)
Where
往 Dorsal
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC)
What
往 Ventral
ventrolateral prefrontal cortex(VLPFC)。