骨學

脊椎

thoracic vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae

Sternum

jugular notch
manubrium
sternal angle
xiphoid process

Clavicle

看Groove分左右

Trapezoid line
coronoid tubercle

Ribs

Costal tubercle
Costal groove
Articular facets
Floating ribs

Tip

1st, 2rd, 11th, 12th的facet 只有一個
1st 的上1表面凹凸不平（Subclavian a./v. grooves, Ant./ Mid. scalene)
下緣有costal groove 較扁

Scapula

Coracoid process
Acromion
Suprascapular notch
Glenoid process

Pelvis

性別差異

Ilium

Greater sciatic notch
Iliac crest
Ant. sup. iliac spine

Pubis

Pubic symphysis
Pubic crest
Pubic tubercle

Ischium

Ischial spine

Upper limbs

Humeral

lesser tubercle
Intertubercular groove
greater tubercle

Deltoid tuberosity

Med. epicondyle of humerus
trochanter
coronoid fossa
Lat. epicondyle of humerus
Olecranon fossa

Ulna

分辨左右看radial notch

coronoid process
Olecranon
radial notch
styloid process

Radius

radial tuberosity
ulnar notch
styloid process

carpi

pisiform bone

Lower limbs

Femur

上端往外往後繞：

Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric line
Greater trochanter
Intertrochanteric crest

下端內而外繞：

Adductor tubercle
Med. epicondyle
Med. condyle
Patellar surface
Intercondylar notch （背面）
Lat. condyle
Lat. epicondyle

Fovea capitis
Gluteal tuberosity

Patella

Base
Apex
facet for lat. /med. condyle of femur

上肢

Axilla

Axillary a.

Axillary a.
Axillary v.
Sup. thoracic a.
Thoracoacromial trunk
- Clavicular br.
- Acromial br.
- Deltoid br. (Cephalic v. 伴行)
- Pectoral br.
Lat. thoracic a.
Subscapular a.
- Circumflex scapula a.
- Thoracodorsal a.
Ant./Post. circumflex humeral a.
- axillary n. 伴行
Brachial a.

flowchart TB subgraph 1[Part 1] st[Sup. thoracic a.] end subgraph 2[Part 2] tc[Thoracoacromial a.] lt[Lat. thoracic a.] end subgraph 3[Part 3] ac[Ant. humeral circumflex a.] pc[Post. humeral circumflex a.] sc[Subscapular a.] end

Brachial plexus

Long thoracic n.(前距肌表層)
lateral cord
- lateral pectoral nerves
medial cord
- medial pectoral nerves(穿過 pectoralis minor)
- medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm
- medial cutaneous nerve of the arm
posterior cord
- subscapular nerves (x3)
musculocutaneous n.
median n.
ulnar n.
axillary n.(穿出Quadrangular)
radial n.

Tip

Cords 在 Pectoralis minor下
M型
Post. cord 走在 Subscapular m. 後面

flowchart LR subgraph Roots C5 & C6 & C7 & C8 & T1 end subgraph Trunks Superior & Middle & Inferior end subgraph Cords Lat. & Post. & Med. end subgraph Terminal br. r[Radial n.] a[Axillary n.] m[Median n.] u[Ulnar n.] mu[Musculocutaneous n.] end C5 & C6 & C7 -->ltc[Long thoracic n.] C5 & C6--> Superior C7-->Middle C8 & T1-->Inferior Superior & Middle-->Lat. & Post. Inferior-->Post. & Med. Post. ===> a & r Lat. ===> mu & m Med. ===>m & u Med. -->mpn[Med. pectoral n.] Lat. -->lpn[Lat. pectoral n.] Post. --> sn1[Upper subscapular n.] & td[Thoracodorsal n.] & sn2[Lower subscapular n.]

Arm

Muscle

Biceps brachii m.
- Long head
- Short head (到喙突)
- Bicipital aponeurosis (斷)
Coracobrachialis m.
Brachialis m.(musculocutaneous n.躺在上面)

Nerve

Musculocutaneous n. $\rightarrow$
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
Median n.
Ulnar n.
Post. cord
- medial cutaneous n. of the forearm

Artery

Brachial a.(Median n.伴行，到Cubital fossa 分支)
Radial a.
Ulnar a.
Deep a. of arm
- Radial collateral a. $\rightarrow$ Radial recurrent a.
Sup. ulnar collateral $\rightarrow$ Post. ulnar recurrent
被 medial epicondyle of humerus 隔開
Inf. ulnar collateral $\rightarrow$ Ant. ulnar recurrent

Cubital fossa

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Forearm

Muscle

第一層由內而外

Flexor carpi ulnaris m.
palmaris longus m.(斷)
Flexor carpi radialis m.(斷)
Pronator teres m.
Brachioradialis m.

第二層由內而外

Flexor digitorum profundus m.
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor pollicis longus m.

最深

Pronator Quadratus

Artery/ nerve

Ulnar a./ n.
- Common interosseous a./ n.(深層，鑽入屈指深, 屈拇長之間)
  - Post. a.
  - Ant. a./n.
- Dorsal br. of ulnar a./ n.
  --------- pisiform bone ------------
- Deep br. of ulnar a./ n.
Median n.
Radial a.
Radial n.
- Deep br.
- Superficial br.

Vein

Basilic v.
Median cubital v.
Cephalic v.

Carpi

由外而內：

Tendon of abd. pollicis longus m.
Redial a.

Carpal tunnel

Tendon of flexor carpi radialis
Median n.
Tendon of palmaris longus m.
Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis(斷)
Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus(斷)

ulnar a./ n. (Carpal tunnel 外)
Tendon fo flexor carpi ulnaris

Palm

Thenar

Thenar m.
- Abd. pollicis brevis m.
- Flexor pollicis brevis m
- Opponens pollicis m.
Hypothenar m.
- Abd. digiti minimi m.
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis m.
- Opponens digiti minimi m.

Superficial

Palmaris brevis m.
Palmar aponeurosis

Flexor retinaculum (斷)
Tendons of Flexor digitorum superficialis
Tendons of Flexor digitorum profundus(穿出 superficialis的tendons)
Median n.
- recurrent br.
- Common digital n.
Superficial palmar arch
- common palmar digital a.
  $\rightarrow$ common palmar digital br.
  $\rightarrow$ proper palmar digital br.
- proper palmar digital a.
Superficial br. of ulnar n.
- palmar br.
Deep br. of ulnar n./ Palm br. of ulnar a.(過pisiform m. 後分支)

Deep

add. pollicis muscle
Deep palmar arch
Lumbrical m.(附在 profundus)
Palmar interosseous muscles
Dorsal interosseous muscles

胸淺層

Pectoralis major/ minor
Serratus anterior m.
Cephalic v.
Subclavian m. (鎖骨下 $\rightarrow$ 1st rib)

乳房

Nipple
Areola
Suspensory lig.(片狀)
Lactiferous sinus(乳暈下方囊狀,duct末端)
Lactiferous duct

Ant. thoracic wall

Vessels

internal thoracic a .
pericardiacophrenic a.(斷)
intercostal a.
musculophrenic a.
sup. epigastric a.
collateral a.

flowchart LR ic[Internal thoracic a.] ac[Ant. intercostal] ic-->ac--->6[rib 1-6] ic-->cm((costal margin)) cm-->m[Musculophrenic a.]-->7[rib 7-9] cm-->se[Sup. epigastric a.]-->r[rectus abdominis] ic-->p[pericardiacophrenic a.]-- 伴行--->pn[Phrenic n.]

Nerve

Intercostal n.
- Intercostobrachial n. (T2)
  不分Ant./Post.

ICBN indicates intercostobrachial nerve
LTN, long thoracic nerve
LPN, lateral pectoral nerve
MBCN, medial brachial cutaneous nerve
MPN, medial pectoral nerve.

Muscle

external intercostal m.
internal intercostal m.
innermost intercostal m.
transversus thoracis m.

Tip

肋骨中段才有Innermost

Thoracic cavity

Structure

R. lung
- sup. lobe
- middle lobe
- inferior lobe
L. lung
- sup. lobe
  - lingula
  - cardiac notch
- inf. lobe
costodiaphrag-matic recess

info{costodiaphrag-matic recess}

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CT

Parietal pleura（黏在前胸壁上）
- costal
- mediastinal
- diaphragmatic
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
- Parietal pericardium
- Pericardial cavity
- Visceral pericardium（黏在心臟上）
Ligamentum arteriosum

Vessels

Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Brachiocephalic trunk
L. common carotid a. v.
L. subclavian a. v.
SVC
IVC
Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary a.
Pulmonary v.

Nerve

Vagus n.
Recurrent laryngeal n.
Phrenic n.
(走在心臟外側)

Posterior Mediastinum

Nerve

esophageal plexus
L./R. vagus n. (伴隨 esophagus進腹腔)
L./R. Sympathetic trunk
穿過diaphragm
- Greater splanchnic n.
- Lesser splanchnic n.
Intercostal n.

Vessels

Thoracic aorta
IVC
Azygos arch
Azygos v.
- Accessory hemiazygos v.
- Hemiazygos v.
post. intercostal a./v.

Azygos system

Others

Trachea
- Primary bronchus(右側較短、直)
Thoracic duct (壓在esophagus 右後方，Azygos v., thoracic aorta 之間)

Diaphragm

上表面

Phrenic n.
pericardiacophrenic a./ v.
internal thoracic a.
- Musculophrenic a./v. (供應diaphragm)
- sup. epigastric a.
thoracic aorta
- Sup. phrenic a./ v. (供應diaphragm)

下表面

Structure

Lat. arcuate ligament
- 包 Quadratus lumborum m.
Med. arcuate ligament
- 包 psoas major
Left crus (to L2)
Median arcuate ligament
Right crus (to L3)
central

Vessels

Phrenic n.
Intercostal n.
Inf phrenic a.

下肢

Abdominal

Muscles

external oblique m.
- inguinal ligament
- superficial inguinal ring
internal oblique m.
transversus abd. m.
- deep inguinal ring
rectus abdominis m.
- tendinous intersection
- rectus sheath
  - anterior layer
  - posterior layer
- arcuate line

tendinous intersection

Vessels

Rectus abdominis下

Lat. umbilical fold
sup. epigastric a./ v.
inf. epigastric a. & v.

Abdominal aorta

Celiac trunk
Sup. mesenteric a.
Inf. mesenteric a.

Nerve

T7-11 intercostal n. (10:肚臍)
subcostal n. (T12)
iliohypogastric n. (L1)
ilioinguinal n. (L1)

Urogenital triangle

男性

Bulbospongiosus muscle(球狀海綿體肌)
Ischiocavernosus muscle(坐骨海綿體肌)
Superficial transverse perineal m.
Internal pudendal a./ Pudendal n.

corpus cavernosum(陰莖海綿體)
corpus .(尿道海綿體)
Dorsal a./ n. of penis
Deep dorsal v./a./n. of penis

女性

Ischiocavernosus muscle(坐骨海綿體肌)
Deep branch of perineal n./ a.
Superficial branch of perineal n./ a.

Thigh

CT

Fascia lata
Crural fascia
Inguinal ligament

Muscle

前側、外側

Iliopsoas
- Psoas major
- Iliacus
Tensor fasciae latae
- Iliotibial Band
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris
- Vastus lateralis
- Rectus femoris
- Vastus medialis
- Vastus intermedius

內側

Gracilis m.
Adductor
- longus(斷)
- magnus
- brevis
Pectineus m.(斷)
Obturator ext. m.

Tip

Anterior body of pubis是gracilis, longus, brevis的Origin

Vessels

Femoral a./ v.
Deep Femoral a.
Medial circumflex femoral a.(Pectineus 後)
Lateral circumflex femoral a.(Rectus femoris m.下)
- Ascending
- Transverse
- Descending
Perforating br.
Great saphenous v.

Nerve

Obturator n. (支配Adductor)
- Ant. br.
- Post. br.
Femoral n.
- Saphenous n.
Cutaneous nerves:
- Lat. femoral cutaneous n.
- Ant. cutaneous br. of the femoral n.
- Cutaneous br. of obturator n.
- Cutaneous br. of superficial fibular n.

Tip

Obturator nerve的 Ant./Post.被brevis分開

Limb

CT

crural fascia
superior retinaculum
inferior retinaculum
superior fibular retinaculum
inferior fibular retinaculum

Vessels

Great saphenous v. (繞到膝蓋後再繞到前側)
Ant. tibial a.
Ant. tibial recurrent a.
Ant. med. Malleolar a.
Ant. lat. Malleolar a.
Dosalis pedis a.
Post. tibial a.
Fibular a.

flowchart TB F[femoral a.]-->Pp[popliteal a.]-->ah((adductor hiatus)) ah-->pt[Post. tibial a.] pt-->f[Fibular a.]-->t[小腿外側] ah-->at[Ant. tibial a.] at-->atr[Ant. tibial recurrent a.]-->k[Knee] at-->m[Malleolar a.] at-->d[Dosalis pedis]

Nerve

Saphenous n.
Common fibular n.
late. sural cutaneous n
superficial fibular n.
- medial dorsal cutaneous br.
- intermediate dorsal cutaneous br.
Deep fibular n. (Ant. tibial a.伴行)
- Recurrent br. of deep fibular n.

Tip

common fibular n. 傳到 Fibularis longus下再分支

flowchart TB si[Siatic nerve] p((popliteal)) cf[Common fibular] si-->p-->cf cf-->lsc[lat. sural cutaneous n.] cf-->sf[Superficial fibular n.] sf-->mc[medial dorsal cutaneous br.] sf-->ic[intermediate dorsal cutaneous br.] cf-->df[Deep fibular n.]

Muscle

Fibularis longus m.
Fibularis brevis m.
Fibularis tertius m.
Extensor hallucis longus m
Extensor digitorum longus m.
Tibialis ant. m.

Dorsum

表層

Greater saphenous v.
Small saphenous v.
dorsal venous arch
Superficial Fibular n.

深層

由內而外(Extensor retinaculum之下)

Tibialis anterior tendon
Extensor hallucis longus tendon
Ant. tibial a./ v.
Deep fibular n.
Extensor digitorum longus tendons
Fibularis tertius tendons

Artery/ Nerve

Ant. tibial a./ Deep fibular n.
- Med. tarsal a.
- Lat. tarsal a./ Lat. br. of deep fibular n.
Dorsalis pedis a.
- Arcuate a.
Dorsal metatarsal a.
Dorsal digital a.

Muscle

extensor digitorum brevis
extensor hallucis brevis