Prostaglandin (前列腺素)
leukotriene
lipoxin
Steroids
COX-1 和COX-2 inhibitors,如Ibuprofen, aspirin, indomethacin等NSAIDs
lipoxygenase inhibitors
Leukotriene receptor antagonists(與lipoxygenase inhibitors同為氣喘藥)
Action | Metabolites |
---|---|
Vasodilation | PGD2, E1, E2, I2 |
Vasoconstriction | Thromboxane A2 |
Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 | |
Increased vascular permeability | Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 |
PGD2, E2 | |
Chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion |
Leukotriene B4, HETE, PGD2 |
Pain and fever | Prostaglandin (PGE2) |
Macrophage
ROS (neutrophils)
Reactive nitrogen species (macrophages)
growth factor :
Cirrhosis(肝硬化)
: 肝功能異常無法製造白蛋白
血小板疾病
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Thromboemboli(血栓栓子)
Liquid emboli
Amniotic fluid
Air embolism
White(anemic) infarct
Red or hemorrhagic infarct
Septic infarct(infective)
系統性的組織血液灌流不足
Autosomal dominant (AD,體染色體顯性遺傳)
Autosomal recessive (AR,體染色體隱性遺傳)
名稱 | 機制 | 遺傳 | |
---|---|---|---|
Marfan syndrome | Fibrillin-1 合成異常 → 異常 elastic fiber | AD,15q21 點突變 | |
Familial hypercholesterolemia | 異 | 肝細胞 LDL receptor異常 → 血漿膽固醇濃度 x2~3/ x5~6 → 軟組織堆積 | AD |
同 | |||
Niemann-Pick disease (尼曼匹克氏症) | spinogomyelinase 無法產生 → spinogomyelin 的累積在細胞 |
類型 | 原理 | 疾病 |
---|---|---|
IgE-mediated | 水溶性蛋白質穿透黏膜 | Allergic asthma(過敏性氣喘) |
Seasonal hay fever(季節性花粉熱) | ||
Atopic dermatitis(異位性皮膚炎) | ||
蜜蜂、Urticaria(蕁麻疹)、奇奇怪怪 | ||
Type II hypersensitivity | 1. IgG, IgM 結合自體細胞表面抗原 2. C1 聚集,Classical 3. Macrophage 吞噬 |
Hemolytic disease of newborn (新生兒溶血性疾病) RhD−母攻擊RhD+子 |
Goodpasture’s syndrome (肺出血腎炎症候群、古巴斯捷式症候群) |
||
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) 胰島素依賴型糖尿病 | ||
Type III hypersensitivity | 1. IgG, IgM 結合血清中的水溶性antigen 2. 根 type II 一樣 |
leprosy (痲瘋病) |
malaria (瘧疾) | ||
viral hepatitis | ||
Rheumatoid arthritis (類風濕性關節炎) IgM 打 IgG,龍兄虎弟 |
||
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE,全身紅斑性狼瘡) Ag: nucleosome |
||
Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (DTH,延遲型) |
TH1, TH17 → B cell (TH1,2 主導,Cytokine 吸引 Macrophage) |
結核菌素 (Tuberculin response Skin tes) |
Granulomatous hypersensitivity (肉芽腫過敏) |
||
diabetes mellitus (IDDM) 胰島素依賴型糖尿病 | ||
Contact dermatitis (接觸性皮膚炎) | ||
T cell-mediated cytotoxicity | CD8+ T cell 胞殺 | Allograft rejection(同種異體移植的排斥反應) |
Tumor immunity(腫瘤免疫) | ||
Viral infection |
X-link
RB
APC
TP53
BRCA1、BRCA2
(1)
vessel | 病因 | 特色 | |
---|---|---|---|
Giant cell (temporal) vasculitis | Large | 免疫? | |
Takayasu’s arteritis | 自體? | 15-40 女,低血壓 | |
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) | Medium | HBV | 壞死、纖維化同時呈現 |
Kawasaki disease | 免疫,病毒? | 急性、自限、較少fibrinoid necrosis | |
Buerger’s disease | Medium, small | 抽菸 | thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO), superficial nodular phlebitis (遊走性淺靜脈炎) |
Wegener’s granulomatosis | Small | c-ANCA | 只影響呼吸道,急性肉芽腫壞死。 40歲(男性多於女性) |
Microscopic polyangiitis | p-ANCA | 統一發炎階段 palpable purpura |
|
Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) | allergic rhinitis, asthma, 嗜酸性球增加 | - |
癌症類型 | 位置 | EGFR突變 | 病理學特徵 | 其他特徵 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adenocarcinoma | 周邊肺部 | 常見 | 腺泡樣、乳頭狀、微乳頭狀、固體腺癌 | 多見於女性和非吸煙者 |
Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 中央肺部或大支氣管 | 罕見 | 角化珠、細胞間橋、分泌副甲狀腺素 | 多與吸煙有關 |
Small Cell Carcinoma | 中央肺部 | 罕見 | 小細胞、成團、核染色質細緻 | 高度侵襲性,與吸煙高度相關、分泌 ADH,ATCH |
Non-Small Cell Carcinoma | 周邊肺部或中央肺部 | 視具體亞型而定 | 包含腺癌、鱗狀細胞癌、大細胞癌等 | 不同亞型特徵不同,EGFR突變多見於腺癌 |
colon adenocarcinoma
肝細胞腺瘤(Hepatocellular Adenoma)
膽管癌(Cholangiocarcinoma)
Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor(GIST)
BRCA1 與 BRCA2(兩者為腫瘤抑制基因)
Serous tumors
癌 | 特徵 |
---|---|
Embryonal | tubular、papillary convoluted |
yolk sac | Schiller-Duval body |
seminoma | solid pattern,incomplete septum |
lymphocyte infiltrated granuloma | |
Bowen’s disease | 單個、角質厚呈現灰白色 |
Bowenoid papulosis | 多發性、可呈疣狀、pigmented |
Rapid Progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
Berger’s disease
Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease
Minimal change disease (MCD,過去誤稱Lipoid nephrosis)
局灶節段性腎小球硬化Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
最常見的nephrotic syndrome:小孩MCD,大人FSGS。
Renal cell carcinoma
Sheehan’s syndrome
Carcinoma of the thyroid
papillary carcinoma
follicular carcinoma
Pheochromocytoma嗜鉻細胞瘤
多血症(Polycythemia)
週期性嗜中性球減少症(cyclic neutropenia)
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
ALL
AML
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma(NHL)